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Biswa Ranjan Nayak ¹, P. K. Samanta ², A. K. Dash ², S. k. Swain ³

Affiliations
1 All India Co-ordinate Research Project on Water Management, Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, College of Agriculture, Chiplima (OUAT), Sambalpur (ODHISHA), IN
2 India Co-ordinate Research Project on Water Management, Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, College of Agriculture, Chiplima (OUAT), Sambalpur (ODHISHA), IN
3 Department of Farm Machinery and Power, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,Bhubaneshwar (ODHISHA), IN

Abstract

No abstract

Keywords

Fym, Nitrogen, Plant Spacing, Yield, Solid Row.

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S. K. Swain ¹, M. K. Ghosal ¹, A. K. Dash ¹, A. K. Mohapatra ¹

Affiliations
1 All India Coordinated Research Project on Animal Energy Utilization with Enhanced System Efficiency, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar Odisha, IN

Abstract

Use of bullocks for agricultural work is limited to tillage, sowing and transportation. The total annual use of bullocks in the state of Odisha is less than 300 hours even though the annual potential use is nearly 800 hours. To enhance the utilization of bullocks, there is a need of using bullock power operated stationary machines requiring about 1 hp (0.8 kW) power for doing various post harvest operations in rotary mode like paddy threshing, paddy winnowing, chaff cutting, sugarcane crushing, groundnut decortications, oil expelling, pulse milling and dehusking etc. This would ultimately reduce the economic burden of maintaining bullocks. With this aim, a study was conducted during the year 2012 for operating a potato peeler and slicer with the help of the rotary gear complex, installed in the premises of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The experiments were conducted continuously for 3 hours (8 am- 11 am) with the work rest cycle of 1hour work + 20 minutes rest + 1 hour work +30 minutes rest + 1 hour work. The measurement of physiological responses like respiration rate, heart rate, body temperature etc. of the small sized non-descript breed of bullocks (pair body weight of 450 kg) of Odisha were done at half an hour interval and calculation of the corresponding fatigue scores to know their comfortable working without inflicting any health hazards. The mean draft requirement of the potato peeler and slicer was found to be 7.70 % and 6.40 %, respectively in terms of percentage of body weight of the small size bullocks which were within their draftability. The highest fatigue scores during the operation of peeler and slicer were 18 and 17, respectively which were below the threshold fatigue score of 20. The output of potato peeler and slicer in rotary mode was observed to be 160 kg/h and 73 kg/h, respectively as against their corresponding values 200 kg/h and 100 kg/ h in electrically operated motor and only 7 kg/h in manual peeling and slicing with the help of a knife. The operation of potato peeler and slicer through rotary mode was not found to be economical as compared to when operated with electric motor. Nevertheless, it was a meaningful utilization of animal power during the idle period in farm operations and to compensate the maintenance cost of the bullocks.

Keywords

Bullock Power, Potato Peeler And Slicer, Physiological Responses of Bullock, Fatigue Score, Mechanical Gear System, Rotary Mode of Operation

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A. K. Mohapatra ¹, S. K. Swain ¹, A. K. Dash ¹, N. C. Behura ²

Affiliations
1 All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Utilization of Animal Energy, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
2 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandary, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN

Abstract

A survey of the existing cattle sheds was taken up in three selected villages of Balasore, Khurda and Cuttack districts of coastal Odisha to collect the information on land holdings, structural details along with number and size of animals kept inside it. Considering different ideal characteristics, an evaluation score card for cattle sheds in tropics was developed. Based on the total score, the sheds were classified to four categories like very good (>25 points), good (21-25 points), satisfactory (15-20 points) and improper types (<15 points). It was observed that no particular specifications were followed by the farmers during construction of cattle / bullock sheds in any of the surveyed districts of Odisha. Bullocks were sheltered along with cows and calves in one shed. The size of the shed varied according to the number of animals kept inside. It was found that 85 - 90 per cent of the cattle sheds in coastal Odisha were in the category of improper type and only 10 - 17 per cent were under satisfactory category while no shed came under the category of good or very good type.

Keywords

Cattle Shed, Evaluation Score Card, Specification

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S. K. Dash ¹, A. K. Dash ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Jagamohan Nagar, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar - 30, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Air Quality Index near Keonjhar, Odisha was carried out based on monitoring of four ambient air quality parameters like PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 at eight different locations. Monitoring was carried out for one year starting from March, 2014 February 2015. APM-460 DXNL Respirable Dust Sampler and Fine Particulate Sampler APM-550 were used followed by cyclonic and impactor based technique for measurement of PM10and PM2.5 respectively. Ambient air samples were continuously drawn in solution of potassium tetrachloromercurate for SO2 and sodium hydroxide and sodium arsenate for NO2. Statistical interpretation like ANOVA and DMRT test was done. The evaluation of Air Quality Index is important because it is a useful tool for the area based management of air pollution followed by subsequent health impact and to mitigate the pollution level. It is a measure of the ratio of the pollutants concentration to the status of ambient air in the places. The present investigation shows a significant variation in AQI with respect to variation in both stations and seasons. Industrial activity, mining activity, mineral transportation and allied activities are the major pollution sources in the area which determines the ambient air pollution status of the area. It was observed that the causes of variation in AQI in the study are multi-faced. As per AQI category most of the stations are either coming under light air pollution category or moderately air pollution category. As there is no literature available on the AQI study of the area, it can be used as a reference for future research in the area.

Keywords

Air Quality Index, Ambient Air, Air Sampler, ANOVA, DMRT

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D. Jena ¹, S. C. Nayak ¹, A. K. Dash ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in an iron toxic soil (Aeric Haplaquept) to study the effect of fly ash, lime, potash, zinc and manganese on yield and iron content of rice plant. Symptoms of iron toxicity were appeared at 25-30 days after transplanting (DAT) and bronzing symptoms were scored as per IRRI standards (1-6 scale). The score values ranged from 3-8 in susceptible Jajati variety and from 1-3 in tolerant Mahsuri variety. The mean grain yield and iron concentration in leaf ranged from 19.04 to 24.29 q ha^-1 and 719.10-936.85 ppm, respectively with application of NPK only (control). By application of different soil amendments the grain yield increased by 10.93 to 63.95 per cent and iron content in plant reduced by 2.73 to 43.04 per cent over control. Among the soil amendments lime and zinc were found superior to other soil amendments. However, fly ash, a by product of thermal power plant with high silica content can be used as a low cost amendment for correction of iron toxicity.

Keywords

Iron Toxicity, Tolerance to Iron, Soil Amendments, Integrated Approach.

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D. Jena ¹, A. K. Dash ¹, K. K. Bandyopadhayay ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Marutha Mallain Main Road, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in the Research Farm of the Regional Research Station, Motto of North Eastern Coastal plain zone of Orissa to study the performance of different forms of urea viz., Prilled Urea (PU), Nimin Coated Prilled Urea (NCPU), Urea Super Granule (USG) and combination of both USG and PU on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. Results revealed that application of 57 kg N ha^-1 as USG at 7 Days after transplanting (DAT) and 19 kg N ha^-1 as PU at PI stage resulted in maximum grain and straw yields, maximum N uptake and agronomic N use efficiency. Application of USG 57 and 76 kg N ha^-1 registered significantly higher grain yield over PU by 26% and 18%, respectively. Application of NCPU and USG improved the N uptake, agronomic N use efficiency and apparent N recovery over PU application.

Keywords

Urea Super Granule, Nimin Coated Prilled Urea, Prilled Urea, Nitrogen Use Efficiency.

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A. K. Dash ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹, S. K. Mukhi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in the lateritic soils of Bhubaneswar to study the effect of lime and boron on yield and nutrient content of cabbage. The results revealed that liming and boron (B) application has significant effect on cabbage yield, which varied between 39.9 to 62. t ha^-1. Highest significant yield of 62.11 t ha-1 was obtained with 0.2 lime requirement (LR) + B @ 2 kg ha^-1). The yield of cabbage increased with levels of lime up to 0.2 LR but thereafter it declined at 0.3 LR. With application of lime the cabbage yield was increased by 21 to 31% over control (L₀B₀) at 0.1 LR to 0.2 LR. With application of B there was increase in yield by 16 and 22 % over control at boron 1 kg (B₁) and boron 2 (B₂) kg levels, respectively although the yield at B₁ and B₂ were non-significant. With application of lime the pH of the post-harvest soil increased. On the other hand with application of B the pH was decreased as compared to no B treatment. The available B content in post harvest soil was decreased in B₀ treatments. The quality parameters like protein, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate content of cabbage were increased with increasing levels of B and lime. After harvest of the cabbage, okra was grown in residual lime and boron. Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer was applied to all treatments. There was difference in the pod yield due to residual effect of lime and boron. The pod yield was increased by 5-10% under residual lime and 2-6% under residual B treatment over L₀B₀. cabbage responded to lime and B application. There was synergistic effect of lime x boron on cabbage, which was found significant and promising. Liming @ 0.2 LR and B @ 2 kg/ha increased cabbage yield by 31% over control. The yield of succeeding okra crop increased by 5-10% under residual lime and 2-6% under residual B treatment over L₀B₀.

Keywords

Cabbage, Lime, Boron, Cropping System.

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D. Jena ¹, A. K. Dash ², R. Yerra ¹, B. Mohanty ¹, B. Jena ¹, S. K. Mukhi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

Sewage water of Bhubaneswar city is being used as a source of irrigation in E-block of Central Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar for cultivation of different crops since last three decades. A study was carried during 2005 to characterise sewage water (SW) and its impact on soil properties, essential nutrients and heavy metal content in leaf of crop plants. Sewage water samples, sewage water irrigated soils and leaf of plants of rice, mustard, sunflower, maize, tomato, grain amaranthus, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal, lady’s finger and water hyacinth(sewage channel) were collected and analysed for different plant nutrients and heavy metals. The data revealed that SW samples were non saline, acidic in reaction (pH 6.5-6.89) and had optimal level of BOD (48-55 mgl^-1) and COD (90 -105 mg l ^-1).The concentration of cations were in the order of Ca >Mg >Na >K. Residual sodium carbonate was nil. Based on SAR and EC rating, SW belonged to C1S1 category. Concentration of NH₄-N, NO₃-N, PO₄, Zn and B ranged from 48.3-52.6, 8.1-8.3, 2.4-2.5, 1.5-2.5 and 0.7-0.75 mgl^-1, respectively. Concentration of heavy metals was in the order of As > Pb >Hg >Ni >Co > Cd >Se. Available N, P₂O₅, K₂O and SO₄-S content of sewage water irrigated soils were higher than normal soil. The DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and B ranged between 63.3 to 122.2,13.4 to 62.6, 3.6 to 44.7 ,2.4 to 11.6, 3.8 to 4.0 and 0.52 to 1.15 mgl^-1 in SW soils and 60.6,15.1,0.8 ,0.8,0.6 and 0.52 mgl^-1 in normal soil, respectively. DTPA extractable heavy metals in SW soils were in order of As >Se > Pb > Cr >Ni >Hg > Cd. The leaf of crop plants grown in SW soils had toxic amounts of Fe, B and Mo. Toxic concentration of Zn and Cu were present in cabbage and cauliflower only. The concentration of Cd, Pb and Cr in rice, mustard, sunflower, maize, tomato, grain amaranthus, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal and lady’s finger were below upper level of phytotoxicity. Maximum accumulation of Co and Hg was in cabbage and cauliflower. Grain amaranthus and water hyacinth contained higher amount of Ni and Se. Contents of heavy metals in leaf of crops grown in normal soils were lower than SW irrigated soils. Based on ISI standard, it is recommended to use sewage water of Bhubaneswar for irrigation after pre-treatment.

Keywords

Sewage Water, Sewage Irrigated Soils, Micronutrients, Heavy Metals.

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H. K. Senapati ¹, A. K. Dash ², G. H. Santra ², B. Mohanty ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN
2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Orissa), IN

Abstract

The long term fertilizer experiment was designed in Aeric Haplaquept of Bhubaneswar, Orissa with rice-rice cropping system. The treatments comprised of 100% N, NP, NPK (with and without S, Zn, FYM and Weedcide) 50 % and 150 % NPK along with control (no fertilizer) and an additional treatments receiving lime+NPK (based on soil test). In the preceding years substantial yield reductions of kharif rice were observed in the treatment receiving either to K or low rates of K application. Moreover, K balance sheet was found to be negative in all the treatments. In spite of negative K balance there was gain of NH₄OAC extractable K from 10 to 30 kg ha^-1 and loss of non exchangeable K from 17 to 121 kg ha^-1 in all the treatments over initial value. Equilibrium activity ratio (AR Ke) was found to be the lowest 1.2 x 10^-3 (M/l)^1/2 in 100 % NP and highest (3.2 x 10^-3 (M/L)^1/2 in 150 % NPK treatment. Potential building capacity (PBC-K) was highest in the treatment receiving lime + NPK (soil test). Labile K (-DKe) was lowest (2.2 x 10^-2 meq/100 g) in 100 % NP treatment as against 3.4 x 10^-2 meq/100 g in the treatments receiving lime + NPK (soil test). K/N ratio of plant was much lower at the PI stage and also decreased with increasing levels of NPK which showed that K availability was not in proportion to availability of N. K/Fe ratio increased 2 to 3 fold and there was also increase of Mn/Fe ratio of PI stage with increasing levels of K. Variations in K content in plant were found to be significantly related to the variation in equilibrium concentration of K, ARKe, NH₄ OAC-K and HNO₃-K. Fe content in plant decreased with increasing levels of K application. Yields were significantly higher with higher levels of K.

Keywords

Long Term Fertilizer Use, K Nutrition, Rice-Rice Cropping System, Rice Yield.

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A. K. Mohapatra ¹, S. K. Swain ¹, A. K. Dash ¹

Affiliations
1 AICRP on Utilization of Animal Energy, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), IN

Abstract

A wet grinder was attached to the rotary transmission system operated by a medium pair of bullocks having a pair weight of 610 kg. The combination of the bevel and spur gears in the system could produce a rotation ratio of 1:29 in the out put shaft. Further, flat and V pulleys were arranged to get the required rpm of 450 for operation of the wet grinder. Rice samples were soaked for 6h at room temperature before grinding. Black gram samples were soaked only for 3h. The ingredients were passed through the hopper with different ratio of rice and black gram as 1:0, 1:4, 1:1, 4:1, 0:1, respectfully. Water was added at the rate of 300 ml per kilogram of mixture. The draft requirement during the operation varied from 30 kg in the beginning to 24 kg at the end, the mean being 27 kg which was 4.43 % of the bodyweight of the bullocks. The physiological responses of the bullocks like heart rate, respiration rate and body temperature increased upto 66 beats/min, 22 blows/min and 38.2°C, respectively after one hour of operation. The fatigue score of the bullocks was observed to be 14, well within safe limit of 20. The particle size of the batter came out was in between 200 μm to 300 μm. More was the quantity of black gram in the mixture more was the fine particles in batter. The average batter output over one hour of operation was 9 kg/h. Grinding efficiency of wet rice and black gram at different ratio varied from 81 to 86 %.

Keywords

Batter, Wet Grinding, Rice, Black Gram, Fatigue Score.

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A. K. Dash ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492 010, IN

Abstract

Opencast mining operation involves removal of bulk quantities of overburden, dumping and backfilling in excavated areas. A phenomenal increase in the share of opencast production (93%) in Indian coal industry has resulted into significant problem of waste dumps at present with greater height of the dump constructed over minimum area and giving rise to increasing danger of dump failures. Dangerous occurrences, incidents, accidents and disasters due to dump failure in Indian opencast mines are quite common, resulting in injuries and fatalities. In 2016, a disaster due to dump failure in Rajmahal coalfield of ECL, killed 23 workers. Even though all such accidents are being analysed and recommendations made in each case, similar accidents are not prevented. Unfortunately we seem to miss the lessons each time from these past incidents or accidents. In this communication, we analyse an accident due to dump slope failure in Indian opencast coal mine, in which a giant debris flow occurred during routine mining operation. In addition, we identify the gaps in our learning system and the thrust on improving safety by analysing accidents using ischolar_main cause analysis techniques and to improve the stability of the dump.

Keywords

Accidents’ Analysis, Opencast Mines, Slope Failure, Waste Dumps.

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S. Patra ¹, A. K. Dash ², R. Venugopal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Fuel & Mineral Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad 826 004, IN
2 Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad 826 004, IN

Abstract

In this study, characterization is done to understand the occurrence, quantity and quality of the ore and its characteristic to establish its physico-chemical properties and to pave way for its beneficiation for economic use. The results indicated the liberation size for beneficiation to be below 150 micron, contains approx. 58% Fe, 2.53% SiO₂ and 4.30% Al₂O₃ . Different process such as hydro-cyclone, spiral concentrator and WHIMS were employed in series for the beneficiation of iron. The grade was significantly increased from 57.67% Fe in feed to 63.16% Fe in concentrate. Approx. 30% of SiO₂ present in feed is also reduced from 2.53% to 1.77% and approx. 50% of Al₂O₃ present in feed is removed.

Keywords

Iron Ore Slime, WHIMS, Spiral Concentrator, Hydro Cyclone.

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A. K. Dash ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492010, Chhattisgarh, IN

Abstract

Even if the emphasis on safety in mining industry across the world is increasing, the accidents resulting in several injuries and fatalities are still taking place. Indian mining industry has suffered critically in the past from high rate of fatal and serious accidents. Accident statistics of Indian mines still shows very high rate of injuries and fatalities. The death rate per 1000 person employed in coal and non-coal mines in the year 2018 is 0.21 and 0.25 respectively. The serious injury rate in the current year is also very high. More disturbing is the fact that a few causes are repeated over the years for fatal and non-fatal serious accidents. Even though all the accidents are being investigated by different agencies and recommendations are made in each case, similar accidents are not prevented. Hence question mark is automatically put against the effectiveness of current investigation system.

In this paper one fatal mine accident investigation reports have been reviewed and analysed to understand the accident causation along with the status of accident investigation system in Indian mining industry.The review highlights certain deficiencies in current investigation methodology and the author has proposed for changing the focus of investigation from human error to system deficiency along with the lessons to be learnt.

Keywords

Mining, Accident, Accidents Analysis, Accidents Investigation, Root Causes.

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